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English Summary

Historical Development of "General Education" in Japanese University
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ - A New Direction of "Liberal Education"-


Gary H. Tsuchimochi
¡¡(Toyo Eiwa Women's University)


INTRODUCTION

In October, 1998, the University Council under the Ministry of Education made a final report, "A Vision of Universities in the 21st Century and Reform Measures." One of the features of the report is "Cultivation of Ability to Pursue One's Ends." This is the "ability to independently respond to change, voluntarily seek a future theme and judge the theme flexibly and comprehensively with a broad view." Cultivation of such ability should be based upon the elementary and secondary education that aim at cultivating the "ability to learn and think independently." In addition, it is important for undergraduate education to place a higher value on providing "liberal education."

How can we cultivate such ability? As it has been criticized, university students in Japan were always given objectives and were only evaluated by the result. How can the students pursue their own ends under circumstances? It is not an easy task. The general education was based on liberal education as a feature of the postwar Japanese university education. Judging flexibly and comprehensively with a broad view was supposed to be a key role in general education.

The general education is closely tied with the teaching methods. In the lower division of undergraduate education, students relatively have vague ideas of their specializations, unlike upper division students. Therefore, professors must be enthusiastic in teaching younger students appropriately. Without changing the old style of teaching methods, it will never solve any problem thoroughly.

In 1950, a year after the emergence of the new-university system, the Ministry of Education prepared a report, "The Development of Education Reform in Japan," for the Second United Education Mission to Japan. In chapter 4, "Higher Education Reform," it stated that "General Education" was a remarkable feature of the new system. With a view to promoting the reform of higher education, the Ministry set up the University Council in 1987 in accordance with the recommendation of the National Council on Educational Reform. In 1991, with recommendation of the University Council, the Standards for the Establishment of Universities were drastically revised and thus, the Ministry of Education dismantled the general education, terminating its system.

The University Accreditation Association, in cooperation with the American Occupation, disseminated the ideas of general education. In 1951, the Committee of General Education Research at the University Accreditation Association compiled a report, "General Education in the University." They spelled out many problems and suggestions of the general education at the time. However, the Japanese universities never paid much attention to the report.

It may be concluded that the American style of general education was urgently adopted on top of the old Japanese system without a thorough consideration of the basic philosophies. The dissociation of the system and the philosophies is the main cause of degenerating "General Education."

©ÞREORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
©ßHIGHER EDUCATION AND GENERAL EDUCATION
©àINTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENERAL EDUCATION
a) Establishing the University Accreditation Association
b) The University Accreditation Association and General Education Courses
c) The Relationship of General Education and Specilization
d) Placement of General Education Courses
©áTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY ACCREDITATION ASSOCIATION AND THE UNIVERSITY REFORM COUNCIL

CONCLUSION

a) Enactment of the Standards for the Establishment of Universities in 1956
b) Drastic Changes of the Standards for the Establishment of Universities in 1991
c) The University Council's Report, "Cultivation of Ability to Pursue One's Ends"- A New Direction of "Liberal Education"-

The Council suggested the importance of liberal education. They reported that as the society becomes more advanced and complex, it is important to cultivate "ability to pursue one's ends." In a new direction, the philosophies and objectives of "liberal education" are "to help students obtain good knowledge in various fields of study, to help them cultivate ability to view things from different angles, to think independently and comprehensively, to judge properly, to help them obtain an abundance of the human qualities, and to develop human resources."